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DEFINICIÓN E IMPORTANCIA

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La salud sexual es un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social referido a la sexualidad
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Todas las personas tienen el derecho a satisfacer y expresar su sexualidad y disfrutar de la salud sexual.

Los derechos sexuales constituyen la aplicación de los derechos humanos existentes a la sexualidad y a la salud sexual. Protegen el derecho de todas las personas a satisfacer y expresar su sexualidad y a disfrutar de la salud sexual, con el debido respeto por los derechos de los demás, dentro de un marco de protección frente a la discriminación.
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SABER MÁS

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DEFINICIONES DE TRABAJO DE LA OMS

Salud sexual
La salud sexual es un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social en relación con la sexualidad, y no solamente la ausencia de enfermedad,
disfunción o malestar. La salud sexual requiere un enfoque positivo y respetuoso de la sexualidad y de las relaciones sexuales, así como
la posibilidad de tener experiencias sexuales placenteras y seguras, libres de toda coacción, discriminación y violencia. Para que todas
las personas alcancen y mantengan una buena salud sexual, se deben respetar, proteger y satisfacer sus derechos sexuales.


Sexo
El sexo son las características biológicas que definen a los seres humanos como hombre o mujer. Estos conjuntos de características biológicas
tienden a diferenciar a los humanos como hombres o mujeres, pero no son mutuamente excluyentes, ya que hay individuos que poseen ambos.
En el uso general de muchos idiomas, el término «sexo» se utiliza a menudo en el sentido de «actividad sexual», aunque para usos técnicos en el
contexto de la sexualidad y los debates sobre salud sexual se prefiere la definición anterior.


Sexualidad
La sexualidad es un aspecto central del ser humano que está presente a lo largo de su vida. Abarca el sexo, las identidades y los roles de género,
la orientación sexual, el erotismo, el placer, la intimidad y la reproducción. Se siente y se expresa a través de pensamientos, fantasías, deseos,
creencias, actitudes, valores, comportamientos, prácticas, roles y relaciones. Si bien la sexualidad puede incluir todas estas dimensiones, no
todas ellas se experimentan o expresan siempre. La sexualidad está influida por la interacción de factores biológicos, psicológicos, sociales,
económicos, políticos, culturales, éticos, legales, históricos, religiosos y espirituales.


Derechos sexuales
La satisfacción de la salud sexual está ligada a la medida en que se respetan, protegen y cumplen los derechos humanos. Los derechos sexuales
abarcan ciertos derechos humanos reconocidos en los documentos internacionales y regionales pertinentes, en otros documentos de consenso
y en las legislaciones nacionales. Los derechos fundamentales para la realización de la salud sexual son los siguientes:

Los derechos sexuales constituyen la aplicación de los derechos humanos existentes a la sexualidad y a la salud sexual. Protegen el derecho de
todas las personas a satisfacer y expresar su sexualidad y a disfrutar de la salud sexual, con el debido respeto por los derechos de los demás,
dentro de un marco de protección frente a la discriminación.
Fuentes: WHO, 2006 y 2010
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LA FUNCIÓN SEXUAL MASCULINA

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Respuesta sexual masculina

La función sexual normal es una interacción
compleja que implica la participación tanto de la
mente como del cuerpo. Los sistemas nervioso,
circulatorio y endocrino (hormonal) interaccionan
con la mente para producir una respuesta sexual.

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La respuesta masculina sigue el modelo sexual lineal con las fases de excitación, meseta, orgasmo y resolución.
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El deseo (también llamado estímulo sexual o libido) es el impulso o instinto por querer mantener relaciones sexuales. Puede desencadenarse por pensamientos, palabras, recuerdos, olores o tacto. El deseo lleva a la primera etapa del ciclo sexual, la excitación.
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FASE DE EXCITACIÓN: Puede durar de varios minutos a varias horas. En ella aumenta el nivel de tensión muscular, la frecuencia cardíaca y comienza la vasoconstricción con aumento de los órganos genitales y en el hombre, las glándulas de Cowper secretan un líquido lubricante en la uretra masculina.
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FASE DE MESETA: En la fase de meseta, que se mantiene hasta el orgasmo, estos cambios se intensifican. La vejiga se cierra para evitar la mezcla de orina con semen y los músculos de la base del pene presentan contracciones rítmicas que finalmente expulsan el semen.
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SABER MÁS

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FISIOLOGÍA DE LA ERECCIÓN

Durante la excitación, el cerebro envía señales nerviosas a través de la médula espinal hasta el pene. Las arterias que suministran sangre a los tejidos eréctiles (cuerpos cavernosos y cuerpo esponjoso) responden haciéndose más anchas (relajación y dilatación). Las arterias aumentan notablemente el flujo sanguíneo a estas áreas, que se congestionan con sangre y se expanden. Esta expansión ejerce una presión que comprime las venas del pene, que normalmente evacuan la sangre del pene, pero que ahora retardan la salida de la sangre y elevan así la presión sanguínea dentro del pene. La presión elevada en el pene produce la erección y la rigidez.
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ORGASMO: Durante el orgasmo, hay contracciones musculares involuntarias, como por ejemplo las que se producen en los esfínteres o los espasmos del músculo.

Como curiosidad el llamado músculo carpopedal del pie se puede contraer de forma llamativa. También aumenta la presión arterial y las frecuencias cardíaca y respiratoria, hasta que se produce una repentina liberación de la tensión nerviosa. En los hombres, el orgasmo generalmente se alcanza con la eyaculación del semen. El orgasmo viene precedido por la acumulación de fluidos seminales en el bulbo uretral de la glándula prostática. A medida que se acumulan en mayor cantidad, el varón siente que va a eyacular y experimenta esa sensación de forma inevitable, incontrolable, resultándole intensamente placentera.

Durante la resolución, el cuerpo vuelve a los niveles normales de frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial, respiración y contracción muscular y se experimenta una sensación general de bienestar motivada por la descarga de una serie de sustancias “placenteras” que genera el organismo.

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SABER MÁS

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BASES FISIOLÓGICAS DE LA RESPUESTA SEXUAL HUMANA
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SEMFYC. Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria
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PAPEL DE LAS HORMONAS SEXUALES

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La actividad sexual depende de los niveles sanguíneos de ciertas hormonas, aunque el papel exacto de cada una de ellas sigue estando poco claro y son necesarios más estudios.
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Testosterona

La testosterona es una hormona esteroide que tiene una notable importancia en el ámbito sexual, pues de su segregación dependen, en gran parte, la maduración y el apetito sexuales. Por otro lado, como cualquier esteroide, tiene una importante función anabólica al incidir en la formación de masa corporal, músculos, al igual que también influye en la resistencia ósea.

Con el envejecimiento disminuyen los niveles circulantes de testosterona paralelos al declinar de la función sexual.
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Estrógenos

Los estrógenos son hormonas sexuales esteroideas (derivadas del colesterol) de tipo femenino principalmente, producidos por los ovarios, la placenta durante el embarazo y, en menores cantidades, por las glándulas adrenales.

Los estrógenos exógenos (que no están producidos de manera natural por el organismo) tienen un efecto negativo en la sexualidad de los hombres, disminuyen el interés y la respuesta sexual, de forma similar a lo que encontramos en los hombres con hipogonadismo (un trastorno que implica niveles de testosterona bajos en hombres)
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Oxitocina

Esta hormona, secretada por la hipófisis ha demostrado, en estudios animales, inducir la erección mediante un mecanismo dependiente de la testosterona. Sus niveles plasmáticos aumentan en hombres y mujeres durante la actividad sexual alcanzándose valores máximos en el orgasmo.
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Betaendorfina

Sustancia que se produce en el cerebro, especialmente en la glándula pituitaria / hipófisis, y que bloquea la sensación de dolor. Tiene efectos sexuales inhibidores que son dosis-dependientes y varían según la zona del cerebro en la que actúe, pudiendo inhibir la activación de la secuencia consumatoria del acto sexual o la fase inicial de apetito sexual.

Las dosis bajas tienen un efecto facilitador y las dosis altas, un efecto inhibidor.

Prolactina

Hormona peptídica secretada por células lactotropas de la parte anterior de la hipófisis. En los hombres, la hiperprolactinemia produce disminución del interés sexual y de la respuesta eréctil. Se ha observado una elevación de sus niveles tras el orgasmo, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, y se ha postulado que puede actuar con un mecanismo de compensación en el período refractario.
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Hay otras sustancias, como la serotonina y la dopamina, cuya actividad parece que también influye en algún aspecto de la excitación sexual, pero hasta el momento no se ha concretado.

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